Structure Of Human SkinI think it is important and the same time cognitively sound to know the structure of human skin to understand how best to take care of it, what exactly is going on when we apply certain ingredients, and procedures, how cells react, and so on.Skin is our largest organ. It has layered structure. Skin consists of (moving from the top) epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutis), and each of them have sub-layers and their own sub-structure.
Epidermis Epidermis is the outermost skin layer which has five sub-layers: stratum corneum (skin surface), stratum lucidum (mostly present on the palms of the hands skin and soles of the feet), granular layer (stratum granulose), spinous layer (stratum spinosum), basale layer (stratum germinativum).
The main cells which make up the epidermis are merkel cells, keratinocytes (fiber of the skin), melanocytes (pigment-producing cells), and langerhans cells (immune system). They are born in the basal level and move up to the skin surface. They contain keratin, lipids, and protein which allows them to carry out their barrier function.Stratum corneum is the top sub-layer or skin surface which consists of dead cells. We can see dead cells on the skin surface. This layer is a skin barrier from UV rays, pollution, infection, and other influences of the environment.Granular layer (stratum granulose) is a thin sub-layer where cells provide hydration, and carry lipids, keratin, and protein. Spinous layer (stratum spinosum) is a sub-layer between layer basale and granular layer. Cell keratinization starts in the stratum spinosum. Basale layer (stratum germinativum) is the lowest sub-layer of the epidermis, where the cells start their life. Cells of the basal layer are considered as stem sells - cells which can renew themselves, and produce new cells. Their function is the repair function of the epidermis.The life-time of a cell is approximately 30 days. During this time cells, appearing in the basal layer, speed up to the skin surface passing trough the other three layers. It ends up on the skin surface where it is considered to be dead. As we age, the metabolic process of skin turnover slows down. Skin life can take up to 60 days. To increase cell turn-over process, it is important to exfoliate the skin surface on a daily basis and as gently as possible …More Info To best function, cells require oxygen (skin exfoliation, daily care, and procedures), moisturizing (drinking clean water and a topical moisturizer), and energy (nutrition and supplements). Dermis Dermis is the next layer of the skin beneath the epidermis.Hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic glands are found in dermis. Dermis does an important job - it protects the body from stress, and tension. Hypodermis Going deeper, we find hypodermis which is not exactly a part of the skin. Its function is to link skin to muscles and bones, and provide it with blood vessels and nerves. Elastin, fat and connective tissues are found in hypodermis.
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